Noun
proper/common
names a person (Mrs. Corman/teacher), place (Italy/country), thing (Isfeld/school), quality (honesty), or idea (freedom).

 

Pronoun
used in place of a noun

Mrs. Corman loves to read. She goes to the library once a week.

 

Verb
action - ran, jumped, laughed....
linking (state of being) - was, is....

 

Adjective
modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun

I bought a shiny, red car.

 

Adverb
modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
tells when, where and how

I walked quietly.

 

Preposition
shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word

The package behind the tree is mine.
The police hurried to the scene.

 

Conjunction
joins words or groups of words.

 

Coordinating Conjunctions - join equal parts

and, but, or, nor, for, so

The kids feasted on cookies and milk.
Roses need drainage, or their leaves turn yellow.

 

Correlative Conjunctions - are paired connective words.

both...and
neither...nor
whether...or
either...or
not only...but (also)

She can prepare either an outline or an overview.

 

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject.

The subject tells us who or what the sentence is about.

The predicate tells us something about the subject.

The sun (subject) set an hour ago (predicate).

 

An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.

I went to the movies.

 

A dependent (or subordinate) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

after I finished studying

 

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.

the woman (who had blond hair)

 

An adjective clause usually follows the word it modifies and tells which one or what kind.
An adjective clause is usually introduced by a relative pronoun.

that  which  who  whom  whose

 

An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

You may sit wherever you wish.

 

An adverb clause tells where, when, how, why to what extent or under what condition.
An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction.

 

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

after
as
though
since
when
although
because
whenever
before
wherever
as long as
if
unless
whether
as soon as
in order that
until
while

 

When an adverb clause begins a sentence, the clause is followed by a comma.

When you get here, we will begin immediately.